ABSTRACT
Background: A novel coronavirus COVID-19 outbreak causing infectious respiratory disorders. COVID-19 disease has no specific treatment. In traditional medicinal system, different formulations are available for infectious diseases. Objective(s): This review discusses the significance and utilization of Siddha and Ayurvedic herbal formulations for COVID-19 treatment and provides scientific information regarding the phytochem-istry and pharmacological profiles of Indian medicinal plants used in the formulation. Method(s): The information on medicine and medicinal plants was collected from research papers, review papers, and books available in several electronic databases, including Google Scholar, SpringerLink, and PubMed was explored as information sources. Result(s): Traditional medicinal plants are potentially used in formulations due to their inevitable therapeutic properties. Phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of medicinal plants used in the formulations served as scientific proof for traditional medicine. Conclusion(s): The present study explored the great importance of Siddha and Ayurvedic formulations for COVID-19 treatment. Further scientific investigations are required to explore these formulations as widely acceptable.Copyright © 2023 Bentham Science Publishers.
ABSTRACT
Naringin is a flavonoid isolated from different citrus fruits like Grapefruit, Orange, Pomelo, Lemon, etc, which are commonly called local fruit. Naringin is found in the white spongy portion of citrus peel. Its content varies from 0.65 mg/gm in the mandarin peel to 14.40mg/gm in the grapefruit peel. Naringin is metabolized to the flavanone naringenin by the enzyme Naringinase present in the liver. It can be analyzed by using various analytical techniques such as HPLC, TLC, UV, HPTLC, mass spectroscopy, Liquid chromatography, chiral chromatography and LC/Mass spectroscopy. Naringin can act as an antioxidant and scavenge free radicals. Naringin mainly focuses on in-vitro and in-vivo animal studies showing its beneficial effects on cardioprotective, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hypolipemiant, neurological, thermogenic, pulmonary disorders and antidiabetic. Naringin is also treated as a most promising treatment strategy against Covid-19 due to its antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Recently, Naringin has proven its activity in various molecular docking studies. Naringin keeps the body healthy against various illnesses and major lifestyle disorders.Copyright All © 2023 are reserved by International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research.
ABSTRACT
Background: Cymbopogon martinii (palmrose essential oil, PEO) and Cymbopogon citratus (lemon grass essential oil, (LEO) are used as complementary and traditional medicine worldwide. PEO and LEO from Cymbopogon genus, contains a diversity of pharmacologically active compounds. Due to the complex nature of essential oils, their antifungal mechanism of action against aspergillosis and mucormycosis is still not completely understood. Purpose: Hence, the present study aimed at determining the chemical profile of each PEO and LEO and performing a molecular docking of two of their components geraniol and geranial against fungal enzymes involved in riboflavin synthesis pathway viz: riboflavin synthase (RS), riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD domain-containing protein (RibD), and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (DBPS) as opposite sites for drug designing against aspergillosis and mucormycosis and in vitro confirmation. Study design and method: Chemical profile of PEO and LEO was performed by GC-FID analysis. For molecular docking, patch-dock tool was conducted. Ligand-enzyme 3-D interactions were also calculated. ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) were also calculated. Antifungal activity was evaluated agaist three test pathogens Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus oryzae and Mucor indicus using poisoned food technique. Results: GC-FID showed geraniol/geranial as the major components in PEO/LEO, thus, they were selected for docking analysis. Docking analysis specified active binding of geraniol and geranial to riboflavin synthase (RS), riboflavin biosynthesis protein RibD domain-containing protein (RibD), and 3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone 4-phosphate synthase (DBPS) fungal enzymes. Wet-lab authentication was achieved by three fungal strains A. niger, A. oryzae and M. indicus. Docking studies revealed that the ligands geraniol/geranial exhibited interactions with RS, RibD, and DBPS fungal enzymes by H- bond and hydrophobic interactions. Geraniol and geranial obeyed LIPINSKY rule, and exhibited adequate bioactivity. Wet lab results indicated that PEO/LEO was able to inhibit fungal growth against test pathogens. Conclusions: These findings confirm the fungicidal properties PEO/LEO essential oils as possible alternatives to synthetic fungicides. © 2023 The Author(s)
ABSTRACT
Safe silk washing is an issue faced by its users for long because silk is prone to get damaged during conventional washing. The current study focused on the possible Antheraea assamensis (Muga) silk washing formulation which was a rare event until people realized the importance of cleaning and hygiene with the onset of covid-19 pandemic. Kolakhar, lemon (citrus) juice, and some commercially available washing products were studied for bond changes by FTIR, surface changes by SEM and colour deviations from control samples. The study showed that there was formation of new bands in all treated samples (except water wash) between 1513-1518 cm-1 that is attributed to beta-sheets;and 1698-1703 cm-1 linked with beta-turn conformation in all the treatments. The morphological observation illustrated fibrillation and peeling off fibers in the commercial washed fabrics. Colour change (E) was least in fabric conditioner (0.85) < citrus wash (1.06) < Kolakhar wash (1.13) and maximum for fabric whitener (5.46). Overall, the traditional agents proved excellent washing factor and has the potential in opening a window for optimized formulation that can be employed for Muga washing.
ABSTRACT
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased the interest in self-care strategies, including self-medication. Medical students, as future health practitioners, learn more about medications than other students. This study aimed to describe self-medication practices for preventing COVID-19 among medical students at Universitas Islam Indonesia. This observational study used a cross-sectional design and was undertaken in November- December 2020. The study sample included 336 undergraduate medical students determined using a consecutive sampling technique based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Data were collected using an online questionnaire about self-medication practices in the preceding 3 months. Among a total of 336 students, 137 (41%) reported using self-medication intending to prevent COVID-19, and 126 (92%) of these 137 took preventive supplements, mainly vitamins C, D, and E, and omega-3. Seven students reported the use of zinc, mainly in combination with other vitamins. Students who practiced self-medication lived closer to people confirmed with COVID-19, washed their hands more often, and desinfected their belongings more frequently than their counterparts (p<0.05). The mean duration for consuming vitamins was 11-16 days. Forty students (29%) used herbal medicine to prevent COVID-19;ginger, turmeric, honey, black seed, cutcherry, and Curcuma were the most often consumed herbal remedies. Fourteen students (10%) reported taking over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms related to COVID-19, including antipyretic, analgesic, antiseptic, antihistamine, decongestant, antitussive, and expectorant medications. Most respondents (82%) purchased their medications at pharmacies, and 11 (9%) obtained them from online shops. These findings show the high rate of self-medication using vitamins and herbal remedies for COVID-19 prevention among university medical students. Further studies are needed to explore students' knowledge about the risks of self-medication including the use of herbal medicines.Copyright © 2022 Marmara University Press.
ABSTRACT
December 2019 has become one of the most surprising days in the whole world in light of the flare-up of a most infectious sickness brought about by novel Covid or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This study is conducted to assess the benefits of the use of home remedies to prevent the cause of Covid-19 and evaluate the assessment of dietary changes and physical activity in the prevention of Covid-19. A questionnaire-based online survey is conducted using Google forms consisting of multiple-choice questions about home remedies, lifestyle and dietary changes made by the people during this pandemic. These home remedies included using different types of herbal preparations, steam inhalation, physical exercise and OTC medications for prophylaxis. Questions likewise included about being infected by Coronavirus-19(during first wave or second) and their recovery period, additionally collected their viewpoint for changes made, for example how much they are useful in the prevention of the attack and whenever encountered any undesirable impacts. Total responses were 210, among which 121(57.6%) responses were from females and 89(42.4%) from males. 65 people tested Covid positive (42 during the first wave and 23 during the second wave). 118(56.2%) of people think these changes are very beneficial. (Rated 4 and 5 out of 5 points). From our survey, we concluded that different herbal preparations of their composition, which they thought are helpful, and steam inhalations have been used. Rating regarding the use and effectiveness was also found to be average. Further studies are needed to prove and provide clear evidence about adverse and side effects associated with the use of herbal products.Copyright © 2022 Society of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Patients with COVID-19 without underlying medical issues are asked to self-manage symptoms with minimal medicines and lifestyle changes. However, the majority of current guidelines make no particular recommendations for treating COVID-19 symptoms, which, in addition to being extremely debilitating, contribute to the virus's transmissionPatients with COVID-19 were given eucalyptus and lemon essential oils as part of this study to see if they could reduce their symptoms. Methods: This study was conducted using two-group single-blind randomized controlled trial. A total of 100 participants were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the aromatherapy group (n =50) or the control group (n=50). The intervention group inhaled three drops of eucalyptus and lemon were combined in a 1:1 ratio for 20 minutes in 7 days. Each participant was asked to indicate whether or not they had experienced any of the 13 Major COVID-19 symptoms. Results: Eucalyptus and lemon essential oils improved outcomes relative to the control at T1 across two outcomes: 1) total number of symptoms decreased 2.39 (1.11 to 7.39), 2) body temperature score saw a modest decreased 2.17 points (95% CI 1.12 to 6.48). At T2, improved outcomes relative to the control were observed in family total number of symptoms (DID coefficient 3.41 (95% CI (1.12 to 6.75), body temperature (DID coefficient 2.39, 95% CI 1.18 to 6.63). Conclusion: Eucalyptus and lemon essentials oils (applied together) could be used as an alternative therapy for COVID-19 symptoms management. © 2022 UPM Press. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Norovirus (NoV) is regarded as a common cause of acute gastrointestinal illness worldwide in all age groups, with substantial morbidity across health care and community settings. The lack of in vitro cell culture systems for human NoV has prompted the use of cultivatable caliciviruses (such as feline calicivirus, FCV, or murine NoV) as surrogates for in vitro evaluation of antivirals. Essential oils (EOs) may represent a valid tool to counteract viral infections, particularly as food preservatives. In the present study, the virucidal efficacy of lemon EO (LEO) against FCV was assessed in vitro. The gas chromatography hyphenated with mass spectrometry (GC/MS) technique was used to reveal the chemical composition of LEO. The following small molecules were detected as major components of LEO: limonene (53%), ß-pinene (14.5%), γ-terpinene (5.9%), citral (3.8%), α-pinene (2.4%), and ß-thujene (1.94%). LEO at 302.0 µg/mL, exceeding the maximum non cytotoxic limit, significantly decreased viral titre of 0.75 log10 TCID50/50 µL after 8 h. Moreover, virucidal activity was tested using LEO at 3020.00 µg/mL, determining a reduction of viral titre as high as 1.25 log10 TCID50/50 µL after 8 h of time contact. These results open up perspectives for the development of alternative prophylaxis approaches for the control of NoV infection.
ABSTRACT
The recent outbreak of COVID-19 is taking the fashion industry through a challenging period. The industry's activities are now being more facilitated by digital platforms/influencers in the dispensation of products than ever before. This study seeks to investigate digital platforms/influencers in developing countries and their impact on the fashion industry. The study also explores the challenges of information asymmetry online, drawing on the lemon market theory (LMT), as the theoretical lens. Qualitative data was collected from twenty-two respondents;the research findings indicate that the use of digital platforms/influencers is essential in reaching the industry's vital consumers. Also, information asymmetry is the greatest challenge as far as e-business is concerned.-The contribution of this study reposes the use of LMT to determine how information asymmetry is leveraged. In terms of the policy, this research provides strategies for discussions on security and trust for policymakers to secure payment and delivery in e-business. Copyright © 2022, IGI Global.
ABSTRACT
Regular exercise can increase the sensitivity of endogenous antioxidants so that it can increase the immune system against viral infections. Antioxidants like bioflavonoids, which are found in lemon peel essential oil, help shield the body from the damaging effects of free radicals and immunomodulators. The goal of this research was to find out whether or not frequent moderate -intensity exercise and the lemon peel essential oil can boost immunity during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The experimental animals were separated into two groups at random, with ten white rats in each group: group P1 consisted of rats that participated in swimming activities of moderate intensity for forty minutes;group P2 consisted of rats that participated in swimming activities of moderate intensity for forty minutes, but also received 0.05 milliliters of lemon peel essential oil every hour for the preceding hour before the rats participated in swimming activities. The average TAC level in the RDF group (pre-test 320.34 +/- 44.05 mu mol;post-test 353.01 +/- 70.22 mu mol) and average CRP level (pre-test 0.54 +/- 0.11 ng/ml;post-test 0.49 +/- 0.04 ng/ml). The average TAC level in the RE groups (pre-test 338.15 +/- 29.14 mu mol;post-test 356.48 +/- 44.34 mu mol) and average CRP level (pre-test 0.56 +/- 0.04 ng/ml;post-test 0.53 +/- 0.09 ng/ml). There were no significantly increased TAC (p>0.05) and decreased CRP (p>0.05) after the exercise test compared to before. There were no substantial differences between the two groups (p>0.05).
ABSTRACT
The aim was to describe medication use during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. This observational study was a multi-city cross-sectional study that involved an online survey and included people of all ages and educational levels living in Saudi Arabia. The survey was filled out by 403 respondents. Most of the respondents used at least one medicine (93.55%) and 31.02% of them used herbal products during the corona epidemic. Ginger was the most used (32.80%), followed by lemon (25.60%), honey (19.20%), and Nigella sativa (14.40%). The most frequently used medication was paracetamol (90.72%), followed by ibuprofen (11.67%), azithromycin (6.63%), penicillin antibiotics (5.04%), and vitamin C (4.24%). About 50% of the respondents said that the medication relieves only some symptoms and only 19.36% of them said that the medication relieves all of the symptoms. The present study showed that several medications and herbal products were used commonly during the corona epidemic although there was no clinical evidence of using most of these products. Most of the public misinformation is gained from social media so it is important to increase the awareness of the public about the use of medications and herbal products during the corona epidemic. Copyright © 2022, Colegio de Farmaceuticos de la Provincia de Buenos Aires. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: The dominant route of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 is airborne, through respiratory transmission by aerosols or droplets which can be measured by viral load in exhaled air. Several natural substances have shown antiviral activity. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the effect of a chewing gum containing natural antiseptic ingredients (cinnamon-, peppermint- and lemon-oil, quercetin, spermidine, ginger and ginseng) on viral load in exhalative air in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. METHODS: Nine patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 were enrolled and exhaled forcefully into a special mouthpiece at different time points before and after chewing the antiseptic gum. The mouthpiece contained a filter paper serving for extraction of coronaviruses following real-time PCR to quantify the viral load. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Cycle threshold (Ct) values of all patients increased after chewing the gum. The mean difference between the Ct values at baseline (before chewing the antiseptic gum) and time point 30 min (15 min after chewing) was 3.8 ± 2.6; (93% viral load reduction; p = 0.002). Time point 15 min (2.7 ± 1.7 (83% viral load reduction; p = 0.003)), 60 min (3.0 ± 3.4 (88% viral load reduction; p = 0.028)), 90 min (3.7 ± 1.8 (92% viral load reduction; p = 0.004)) and 120 min (3.0 ± 3.7 (91% viral load reduction; p = 0.05)) showed similar results. The antiseptic chewing gum demonstrated a significant potential to reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load in exhalative air and, in this way, reduce further spread and infection risk. Larger placebo-controlled clinical trials are required to confirm these findings further.
ABSTRACT
A Statistical approach on COVID – 19 pandemic solutions using medicinal plants are deliberated in this research work. The recent years, there was an increasing demand for determining antiviral agents from medicinal plants having high activity and economically cheap. COVID-19 is considered a greater public health threat. In this review focused on the outbreak, symptoms and preventive measures are 2019-nCoV was discussed. Recommendation of natural medicines has been focused previously treated for several viral infections. Some of the South Indian traditional medicinal plants may have the ability to struggle with 2019-nCoV in the future.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom associated with COVID-19 infection. While often transient, nearly 1 in 8 patients experience persistent dysfunction after initial infection resolution. Given the known association between impaired olfaction and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), this persistent COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction may impede early detection of cognitive decline. Method(s): Patients with confirmed COVID-19-associated hyposmia (n=73), MCI (n=58), and normal controls (n=86) were prospectively enrolled. Demographic data were collected alongside formal olfactory testing via AROMA (Affordable Rapid Olfaction Measurement Assay) at time of initial enrollment. MCI was assessed via MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment). Multivariate logistic regressions were utilized to evaluate for associations between variables and etiology of olfactory dysfunction. Result(s): After controlling for age and gender, when compared against normal controls, the inability to smell licorice, cinnamon, and lemon at the lowest 3 concentrations increased odds of COVID-19 hyposmia by 10.8 (95% CI, 4.6-25.6), 5.7 (95% CI, 2.7-11.7), and 5.3 (95% CI, 2.6-10.8), respectively. While the inability to smell coffee (9.9 odds ratio [OR];95% CI, 2.02-48.1), eucalyptus (6.7 OR;95% CI, 2.2-20.0), and rose (4.0 OR;95% CI, 1.7-9.7) were associated with MCI, decreased ability to smell licorice, cinnamon, and lemon were not. When combined into a composite score and compared against controls, decreased detection of licorice, cinnamon, and lemon was associated with a 16.5 OR (95% CI, 6.6-41.3) for COVID-19 hyposmia. This composite score was not significantly associated with MCI (1.2 OR;95% CI, 0.6-2.2) and, as such, performed well at discriminating between COVID-19 and MCI patients (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve=0.76). Conclusion(s): Distinct patterns of impaired olfaction were noted for COVID-19. We show that this etiology-specific phenotype has good discriminative performance when differentiating from MCI-associated hyposmia, which may allow for continued utilization of olfactory screening for MCI even among those with previous COVID-19 infection.
ABSTRACT
Background: Online searches have become a popular source of medical information, especially in the COVID-19 era. Methods: On February 13, 2021, we performed a YouTube search of “melasma treatment” with the “view count” filter on a private browser. The first 102 videos yielded were screened, and the top 30 videos meeting our inclusion criteria were independently evaluated by 2 reviewers using the DISCERN instrument. Results: The mean DISCERN score for the 30 videos was 41.4 points, categorizing them as “fair” in quality. The mean score for videos uploaded by dermatologists was similar at 46.3 points (“fair”) compared with 31.3 points (“poor”) by profit companies. It is concerning that only 53% of videos supported shared decision-making with a physician/dermatologist. Almost one-third of videos focused on natural home remedies, which generated the most views. A video using raw potato with 3.8 million views claimed to permanently “cure” melasma in weeks. Such false claims pose unrealistic expectations for viewers. Furthermore, only 17% of videos discussed melasma recurrence, and 60% mentioned treatment risks. Popular home ingredients (i.e., raw potato, lemon, etc.) that videos classified as “harmless” can certainly cause contact urticaria, anaphylaxis, or exacerbate melasma. Conclusions: The top 30 most-viewed videos with 15.5 million views contained mostly fair-quality medical information with a focus on home remedies without reliable sources of evidence. Dermatologists should be aware of common misconceptions propagated by these videos and thus underscore treatment risks, recurrence, and insufficient evidence in the literature on the efficacy of home remedies for melasma.
ABSTRACT
Theresa Jackson Sacramento CA1, Gary Grinberg Elk Grove CA1, Aaron Baggs Richmond CA2, Emily Siegler Elk Grove CA3, Panduranga Yenumula Sacramento CA1 Kaiser Permanente South Sacramento1 Kaiser Permanente Richmond2 California Northstate University3 Background: The COVID-19 pandemic impacted healthcare delivery worldwide. Resource limitations prompted a multi-institutional quality initiative to enhance same-day discharge workflow after sleeve gastrectomy to reduce the inpatient hospital burden. This study aims to determine the safety and efficacy of this initiative, as well as potential modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for inpatient admission. Methods: A retrospective analysis of sleeve gastrectomy patients was conducted from January 2019 to August 2021. Inclusion criteria was discharge on postoperative day zero, one, or two. Patients were divided into same-day discharge (SD) and inpatient cohorts. Demographic, operative, and postoperative variables were compared, as well as monthly trends in same-day and inpatient care. Potential risk factors for inpatient admission were assessed. Results: Analysis included 2,209 sleeve gastrectomy surgeries (462 SD, 1,747 inpatient). Significant differences between cohorts were age, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, pre-/post-COVID, facility, and combination procedure (e.g. paraesophageal hernia). Monthly frequency of same-day discharge rose from 13% in June 2020 to 75% in August 2021. There was no difference in rates of inpatient readmission, reoperation, mortality, or 6-month excess weight loss. SD discharge patients had higher rates of 7-day emergency department readmission (9% vs 5%, p=0.004). Potential risk factors for inpatient admission include: age, BMI, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, obstructive sleep apnea, surgery date, facility, and combination case. Conclusion: Same-day discharge after sleeve gastrectomy is safe and efficacious. Administrative support for extended PACU (postanesthesia care unit) recovery was critical to successful protocol implementation for same-day discharge within this large multi-institutional healthcare system demonstrating potential applicability nationwide.
ABSTRACT
Citrus fruits are grown in more than 140 countries around the world. Total citrus production is nearing the mark of 145 million tons (present production 143.75 million tons in 2019–20 which was 100 million tons during 2007–08). Including sweet oranges, mandarins, lemons, limes, grapefruit, pummelo, their hybrids, locally grown numerous species, tart fruits and citrons, citrus is the largest fruit industry in the world. The second edition of “Citrus fruit—Biology, Technology and Evaluation” contains 533 additional references apart from previous 1400 references, thus making it very rich and comprehensive single source of information on the subject. Updated data and statistics of production and area including an overview of latest citrus postharvest management are covered in the introduction chapter. This edition covers two new chapters—“Alternative strategies for postharvest disease management” and “Impact of climate change and covid-19 pandemic on citrus industry”.
ABSTRACT
Introduction: This case describes a curious cutaneous finding with a unique etiology from a cultural remedy. Case Description: A 19-month-old female was brought in by ambulance for an acutely progressive abdominal rash. Three days prior to presentation, she had a febrile seizure. The next day, she continued to have low grade temperatures and developed a faint red rash on the abdomen. On the day of presentation, the mother found a dark violaceous rash on the abdomen and called 911. The patient's presenting vital signs were unremarkable except for tachycardia to 133 and lower blood pressure for age of 86/67. She was tired and irritable. She had a large welldemarcated dusky and dark plaque with central denudation over the whole abdomen and right lateral back [Figures]. She was exquisitely tender to light palpation and guarding her abdomen. The remainder of her exam was unremarkable. Given the extent of her skin injuries, differential included intra-abdominal injury, intra-abdominal hemorrhage, burn or bruise from accidental and non-accidental cause, allergic dermatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulation in the setting of sepsis. Laboratory evaluation revealed mildly low hemoglobin for age at 10.5 g/dl with low MCV 74.2fL and a leukocytosis with WBC of 18.41 x10-3 πl with neutrophil predominance. Coagulation factors were normal. CMP revealed mild acidosis with CO2 of 17 mmol/L. Imaging studies included normal: CT head and CT abdomen with mild subcutaneous edema in the anterior abdomen near the umbilicus. Additional infectious studies were negative including nasal SARS-CoV-2 PCR, blood culture and urine culture. After the work-up, findings were consistent with a second-degree burn confirmed by Dermatology and Plastic Surgery. Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect team conducted additional social history with maternal grandmother because she is the caretaker when parents are at work, given parental denial of witnessing or causing the burn. Grandmother had limited English proficiency, so history was taken using a Medical Spanish interpreter. Grandmother explained that one day prior to presentation, she used an Oaxacan folk remedy to alleviate abdominal pain in which green tomato pulp was applied like a salve. Final diagnosis was second degree burn from phytophotodermatitis. Patient's skin improved with daily dressing changes and application of silver sulfadiazine, and she was discharged home to parents. Discussion: The use of tomato salve is a unique etiology of phytophotodermatitis that has not been well-characterized. Typical vegetation that causes burn injuries include figs, lemons and common wildflowers. Tomatillos or green tomatoes contain plant psoralens that can induce a strong phototoxic reaction to ultraviolet A radiation exposure after cutaneous contact. Conclusion: We present this case to highlight the importance of conducting thorough social history in the family's preferred language and to share a unique folk practice that can present as a severe burn and mimic child abuse.
ABSTRACT
SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) caused more than 15 % mortality worldwide. Spike (S) protein has recently been regarded as a suitable target for drug design. The present in silico docking study was designed to evaluate the effect of potent bioactive molecule citral present in essential oils of lemon grass plant leaves against Spike (S) protein from SARS-CoV-2. Till date there is no work is undertaken on in-silico analysis of these compounds against Spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, GC-FID (gas chromatography with flame-ionization detection) based aroma profile, molecular docking studies were conducted by using Patchdock analysis. Protein Interactions Calculator was used for protein interactions. In-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profile was also studied. GC-FID revealed citral as major compound in lemon grass oil. The calculated parameters such as docking score indicated effective binding of citral to COVID-19 S-protein. Interactions results indicated that, Spike (S) protein/citral complexes forms hydrophobic interactions. In-silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) studies provided guidelines and mechanistic scope for identification of potent anti-COVID 19 drug. Therefore, essential oil from lemon grass may represent potential herbal treatment to act as COVID-19 Spike (S) protein inhibitor. © 2022, Moroccan Institute of Scientific and Technical Information. All rights reserved.
ABSTRACT
Objectives: The development of effective targeted therapy and drug-design approaches against the SARS-CoV-2 is a universal health priority. Therefore, it is important to assess possible therapeutic strategies against SARS-CoV-2 via its most interaction targets. The present study aimed to perform a systematic review on clinical and experimental investigations regarding SARS-COV-2 interaction targets for human cell entry. Methods: A systematic search using relevant MeSH terms and keywords was performed in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (ISI) databases up to July 2021. Two reviewers independently assessed the eligibility of the studies, extracted the data, and evaluated the methodological quality of the included studies. Additionally, a narrative synthesis was done as a qualitative method for data gathering and synthesis of each outcome measure. Results: A total of 5610 studies were identified, and 128 articles were included in the systematic review. Based on the results, spike antigen was the only interaction protein from SARS-CoV-2. However, the interaction proteins from humans varied including different spike receptors and several cleavage enzymes. The most common interactions of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for cell entry were ACE2 (entry receptor) and TMPRSS2 (for spike priming). A lot of published studies have mainly focused on the ACE2 receptor followed by the TMPRSS family and furin. Based on the results, ACE2 polymorphisms as well as spike RBD mutations affected the SARS-CoV-2 binding affinity. Conclusion: The included studies shed more light on SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry mechanisms and detailed interactions, which could enhance the understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the development of new and comprehensive therapeutic approaches.